Medical disclaimer

The information on this website is general health information for patients and the public. It is not medical advice, and it does not replace an examination and consultation with a qualified doctor.

Every patient is different. Symptoms that look similar may have different causes, and the right treatment depends on an individual assessment. Do not start, stop or change any treatment based on this website.

No treatment, surgical or non-surgical, can guarantee a particular outcome. Benefits and risks are discussed individually at consultation.

Emergencies

If you have sudden loss of bladder or bowel control, numbness around the groin, rapidly worsening weakness, or a serious injury, go to the nearest hospital emergency department immediately.

Images

Illustrations on condition pages are for explanation only. No patient-identifiable images are shown.